Newcomb ' s Problem
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چکیده
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Newcomb ’ s Problem
Newcomb’s problem is a decision puzzle whose difficulty and interest stem from the fact that the possible outcomes are probabilistically dependent on, yet causally independent of, the agent’s options. The problem is named for its inventor, the physicist William Newcomb, but first appeared in print in a 1969 paper by Robert Nozick [12]. Closely related to, though less well-known than, the Prison...
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Newcomb problems turn on a tension between two principles of choice: roughly, a principle sensitive to the causal features of the relevant situation, and a principle sensitive only to evidential factors. Two-boxers give priority to causal beliefs, and one-boxers to evidential beliefs. A similar issue can arise when the modality in question is chance, rather than causation. In this case, the con...
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MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended for review should be sent to the Editor of SCIENCE, Garrison-onHudson, N. Y. PROIFESSOR SIMON NEWCOMB AS AN ASTRONOMER PROFESSOR NEWCOMB has narrated at considerable length the personal incidents of his scientific career in his book "The Reminiscences of an Astronomer," and to that source the reader desirousi of knowing them may be referre...
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Recent progress in the theory of the Newcomb equation is reported. Emphasis is put on the analysis of external modes including peeling modes (high n kink modes), where n is the toroidal mode number. A theory for low n external modes is developed so that it is also useful for the analysis of resistive wall modes.
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KEYWORDS: " anti-fraud " , " international trade " , " multiple testing " , " outlier detection " , " significant digit distribution ". 1 Abstract The " first digit " law, also called the " leading digit " phenomenon, was discovered by Simon Newcomb, the well-known mathematician and astronomer, who firstly noticed that the leading digit 1 is more likely to occur than the leading digit 2, the le...
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